Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, Sleep Disruption, and Neuromuscular Blockade
Puntillo KA, Wild LR, Morris AB, Stanik-Hutt J,
Thompson CL, White C. Practices and predictors of
analgesic interventions for adults undergoing painful
Rotondi AJ, Chelluri L, Sirio C, et al. Patientsβ rec-
ollections of stressful experiences while receiving
prolonged mechanical ventilation in an intensive care
org/10.1097/00003246-200204000-00004
Scholz J, Steinfath M, Schulz M. Clinical pharmacoki-
netics of alfentanil, fentanyl and sufentanil. An update.
Clin Pharmacokinet. 1996;31(4):275-292. https://doi.
org/10.2165/00003088-199631040-00004
StrΓΈm T, Martinussen T, Toft P. A protocol of no sedation
for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation:
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)62072-9
Taylor D. Iatrogenic drug dependence--a problem
in intensive care? Case study and literature review.
org/10.1016/s0964-3397(99)80005-6
Agitation
Balas MC, Vasilevskis EE, Olsen KM, et al. Effectiveness
and safety of the awakening and breathing coordination,
delirium monitoring/management, and early exercise/
https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000000129
Barnes BJ, Gerst C, Smith JR, Terrell AR, Mullins ME.
Osmol gap as a surrogate marker for serum propylene
glycol concentrations in patients receiving lorazepam for
doi.org/10.1592/phco.2006.26.1.23
Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, et al. Clinical practice
guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and
delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit
ccm.0b013e3182783b72
Beigmohammadi MT, Hanifeh M, Rouini MR,
Sheikholeslami B, Mojtahedzadeh M. Pharmacokinetics
alterations of midazolam infusion versus bolus adminis-
tration in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients.
Iran J Pharm Res. 2013;12(2):483-488.
Bienvenu OJ, Gellar J, Althouse BM, et al. Post-
traumatic stress disorder symptoms after acute lung
injury: a 2-year prospective longitudinal study. Psychol
Med.
2013;43(12):2657-2671.
https://doi.org/10.1017/
s0033291713000214
Brown C, Marotta PJ, Riker RR, Eldridge AD, Fraser
GL, May TL. Prospective validation of sedation scale
ajcc2022437
Burns KEA, Wong J, Rizvi L, et al. Frequency of
screening and spontaneous breathing trial techniques:
1821. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.20631
Cammarano WB, Pittet JF, Weitz S, Schlobohm
RM, Marks JD. Acute withdrawal syndrome related
to the administration of analgesic and sedative
medications in adult intensive care unit patients.
Crit
Care
Med.
1998;26(4):676-684.
https://doi.
org/10.1097/00003246-199804000-00015
Carson SS, Kress JP, Rodgers JE, et al. A randomized
trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with
daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients.
org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000215513.63207.7f
Cioccari L, Luethi N, Bailey M, et al. The effect of dex-
medetomidine on vasopressor requirements in patients
with septic shock: a subgroup analysis of the Sedation
Crit
Care.
2020;24(1):441.
https://doi.org/10.1186/
s13054-020-03115-x
Devlin JW, Mallow-Corbett S, Riker RR. Adverse
drug events associated with the use of analgesics, seda-
tives, and antipsychotics in the intensive care unit. Crit
org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181de125a
de Wit M, Gennings C, Jenvey WI, Epstein SK.
Randomized trial comparing daily interruption of
sedation and nursing-implemented sedation algorithm
2008;12(3):R70. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc6908
Fodale
V,
La
Monaca
E.
Propofol
infu-
sion
syndrome:
an
overview
of
a
perplexing
disease. Drug Saf. 2008;31(4):293-303. https://doi.
org/10.2165/00002018-200831040-00003
Fraser GL, Devlin JW, Worby CP, et al. Benzodiazepine
versus nonbenzodiazepine-based sedation for mechani-
cally ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review