Fluids, Electrolytes, Acid-Base Disorders, and Nutrition Support
Weijs PJ, Stapel SN, de Groot SD, et al. Optimal
protein and energy nutrition decreases mortal-
ity in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients:
a prospective observational cohort study. JPEN J
Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2012;36(1):60-68. https://doi.
org/10.1177/0148607111415109
Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, et al. ESPEN guideline:
clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(3):623-
650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.013
White JV, Guenter P, Jensen G, et al. Consensus state-
ment: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American
Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: char-
acteristics recommended for the identification and
documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition).
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2012;36(3):275-283.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607112440285
Whittle J, Molinger J, MacLeod D, et al; LEEP-COVID
Study Group. Persistent hypermetabolism and lon-
gitudinal energy expenditure in critically ill patients
org/10.1186/s13054-020-03286-7
Wolman SL, Anderson GH, Marliss EB, Jeejeebhoy KN.
Zinc in total parenteral nutrition: requirements and met-
abolic effects. Gastroenterology. 1979;76(3):458-467.
Worthington P, Balint J, Bechtold M, et al. When is
parenteral nutrition appropriate? JPEN J Parenter
Enteral
Nutr.
2017;41(3):324-377.
https://doi.
org/10.1177/0148607117695251
Zhao X, Li Y, Ge Y, et al. Evaluation of nutrition risk and
its association with mortality risk in severely and criti-
cally ill COVID-19 patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral
Nutr. 2021;45(1):32-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1953