Evolution and Validation of Practice Standards, Training, and Professional Development
conducted in a wide array of therapeutic specialty areas [e.g., pharmacokinetics, infectious diseases, nutrition
Aspen Publications, 1985)
Cardiovascular ICUs
Medical ICUs
Emergency medicine
Trauma
Surgical ICUs
Neurosurgical ICUs
Multidisciplinary model stressed by founding SCCM President Max Harry Weil, M.D.
Heart & Lung (1972)
Critical Care Clinics (1984)
Critical care therapeutics column in Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy (1982)
First critical care pharmacy textbook: Critical Care Pharmacy (1985)
Formation of Critical Care Pharmacists Specialty Groups
SCCM Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Section (1989)
Neurocritical Care Society (NCS), Pharmacy Section (circa 1999)
Approach to the Critically Ill Patient, 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1994:156-66.
establishment of three levels of pharmacy services (fundamental, desirable, optimal) for the provision of
pharmaceutical care in critically ill patients; major update in 2020 with recommendations simplified to
essential and desirable. Statements and recommendations categorized as follows: Patient Care (n=34), Quality
Improvement (n=21), Research/Scholarship (n=9), Training Education (n=10), and Professional Development