Evolution and Validation 0f Practice Standards, Training, and Professional Development

Mortality increased in ICU patients with TIE without clinical pharmacy services compared with ICU

patients with clinical pharmacy services: 37%, (p<0.0001).

(p=0.006) in ICUs without clinical pharmacy services.

Length of ICU stays and costs were significantly higher in patients with TIE in ICUs without clinical

pharmacy services.

Med 2019;1243-50)

Reduced mortality: OR 0.78, 95% CI (0.73-0.83, p<0.00001)

Impact of ICU Protocols on Patient Outcomes

Significant improvement in sedation and analgesia monitoring targets with the use of protocol versus

Improvement in mortality with inclusion of clinical pharmacist after multicomponent intervention in

tertiary care in a medical ICU (also included increase in ICU beds, larger rooms, 24-hour critical care

ICU mortality decrease from 18.4% to 14.9% (p=0.006), hospital mortality decrease 25.8% to 21.7%

(p=0.005)

Increase in median ICU length of stay; no difference in hospital length of stay

Increase in median 28-day ventilator-free days in mechanically ventilated patients

Pharmacist management of pain, agitation, and delirium in ICU through multidisciplinary bundle; 46%

2017;74:253-62); systematic review of pharmacist-led interventions on pain, agitation, and delirium in

mechanically ventilated adults (J Am Coll Clin Pharm 2023;6:1041-52).

Pharmacist involvement in multidisciplinary initiative to reduce sepsis-related mortality in ICU (i.e.,

“Code Sepsis”); reduction in mean time from sepsis screen to antibiotic administration from 427 minutes

Leadership role in developing clinical practice guidelines for preventing and managing pain, agitation/

sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult critically ill patients (PADIS Guidelines)

Before and after study of critical care pharmacist interventions on drug therapy and clinical strategies:

Reduction in hospital length of stay (3.7 days, p<0.001), ICU length of stay (1.4 days, p<0.01), duration

of mechanical ventilation (1.2 days, p<0.01), hospital costs per stay (2560 euros, p<0.001); no impact on

Retrospective cohort study of albumin use in critically ill patients at single academic medical center:

Reduction in inappropriate albumin use (50.9%, p<0.001), total annual cost savings greater than