Infectious Diseases I

Dellinger EP, Tellado JM, Soto NE, et al. Early antibiotic

treatment for severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a ran-

domized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann

Surg. 2007;245(5):674-683. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.

sla.0000250414.09255.84

de-Madaria E, Buxbaum JL, Maisonneuve P, et al.

Aggressive or moderate fluid resuscitation in acute pan-

creatitis. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(11):989-1000. https://

doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2202884

Frossard JL, Steer ML, Pastor CM. Acute pancreatitis.

s0140-6736(08)60107-5

Leppäniemi A, Tolonen M, Tarasconi A, et al. 2019

WSES guidelines for the management of severe acute

pancreatitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2019;14:27. https://doi.

org/10.1186/s13017-019-0247-0

Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al. The Surgical

Infection Society revised guidelines on the management

of intra-abdominal infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt).

2017;18(1):1-76. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.261

Nathens AB, Curtis JR, Beale RJ, et al. Management

of the critically ill patient with severe acute pancreati-

org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000148222.09869.92

Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al; American

College of Gastroenterology. American College of

Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pan-

https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.218

Villatoro E, Mulla M, Larvin M. Antibiotic ther-

apy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic

necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database

Syst

Rev.

2010;2010(5):CD002941.

https://doi.

org/10.1002/14651858.cd002941.pub3

Whitcomb DC. Clinical practice. Acute pancreatitis.

N Engl J Med. 2006;354(20):2142-2150. https://doi.

org/10.1056/nejmcp054958

Clostridioides difficile Infection

Apisarnthanarak A, Razavi B, Mundy LM. Adjunctive

intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium diffi-

cile colitis: case series and review of the literature. Clin

Infect Dis. 2002;35:690-696.

Johnson S, Lavergne V, Skinner AM, et al. Clinical

practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of

America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology

of America (SHEA): 2021 focused update guidelines

on management of Clostridioides difficile infection in

adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(5):e1029-e1044. https://

doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab549

Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile—more dif-

ficult than ever. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(18):1932-1940.

https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra0707500

Kelly CR, Fischer M, Allegretti JR, et al. ACG clini-

cal guidelines: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of

2021;116(6):1124-1147.

https://doi.org/10.14309/

ajg.0000000000001278

Kociolek LK, Gerding DN, Carrico R, et al. Strategies to

prevent Clostridioides difficile infections in acute-care

hospitals: 2022 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.

2023;44(4):527-549. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2023.18

McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical

practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection

in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious

Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for

Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin

Infect Dis. 2018;66(7):987-994. https://doi.org/10.1093/

cid/ciy149

Owens

RC.

Clostridium

difficile-associated

dis-

ease: an emerging threat to patient safety: insights

from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists.

2006;26(3):299-311.

https://doi.

org/10.1592/phco.26.3.299

Sartelli M, Di Bella S, McFarland LV, et al. 2019

update of the WSES guidelines for management of

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection in surgi-

cal patients. World J Emerg Surg. 2019;14:8. https://doi.

org/10.1186/s13017-019-0228-3

Surawicz CM, Brandt LJ, Binion DG, et al. Guidelines

for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium

499. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.4

Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB.

A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for

the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diar-

rhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis.

2007;45(3):302-307. https://doi.org/10.1086/519265