Toxicology
Poison Control Centers Data
The data contained within this chapter were published
in 2023 and contain cases from 2022. The most recent
annual reports can be found at https://www.poisoncen-
ters.org/annual-reports.
General Decontamination
American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, European
Association
of
Poisons
Centres
and
Clinical
Toxicologists. Position paper: cathartics. J Toxicol Clin
Toxicol.
2004;42(3):243-253.
https://doi.org/10.1081/
CLT-120039801
Benson BE, Hoppu K, Troutman WG, et al. Position
paper update: gastric lavage for gastrointestinal decon-
tamination. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013;51(3):140-146.
https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.770154
Bledsoe BE. No more coma cocktails. Using sci-
ence to dispel myths & improve patient care. JEMS.
2002;27(11):54-60.
Brahm NC, Yeager LL, Fox MD, Farmer KC, Palmer
TA. Commonly prescribed medications and potential
Pharm. 2010;67(16):1344-1350. https://doi.org/10.2146/
ajhp090477
Caravati EM, Mégarbane B. Update of position papers
on gastrointestinal decontamination for acute overdose.
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013;51(3):127. https://doi.org/10.31
09/15563650.2013.772625
Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Beuhler MC, et al. 2022
annual report of the National Poison Data System®
(NPDS) from America’s Poison Centers®: 40th annual
report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2023;61(10):717-939. https://
doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2023.2268981
Höjer J, Troutman WG, Hoppu K, et al. Position paper
update: ipecac syrup for gastrointestinal decontamina-
tion. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013;51(3):134-139. https://doi.
org/10.3109/15563650.2013.770153
Clin.
2012;28(4):479-498.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ccc.2012.07.008
Levine M, Brooks DE, Truitt CA, Wolk BJ, Boyer EW,
Ruha AM. Toxicology in the ICU. Part 1. General overview
and approach to treatment. Chest. 2011;140(3):795-806.
https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-2548
Manoguerra AS, Cobaugh DJ; Guidelines for the
Management of Poisoning Consensus Panel. Guideline
on the use of ipecac syrup in the out-of-hospital man-
agement of ingested poisons. Clin Toxicol (Phila).
2005;43(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1081/clt-46735
Pietrzak MP. Clinical policy for the initial approach to
patients presenting with acute toxic ingestion or dermal or
Position statement and practice guidelines on the use of
multi-dose activated charcoal in the treatment of acute
poisoning. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology;
European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical
Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(6):731-
751. https://doi.org/10.1081/clt-100102451
Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA. Position paper on
urine alkalinization. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(1):1-
26. https://doi.org/10.1081/clt-120028740
Schabelman E, Kuo D. Glucose before thiamine for
Wernicke encephalopathy: a literature review. J Emerg
Med.
2012;42(4):488-494.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jemermed.2011.05.076
Acetaminophen
Baum RA, Dugan A, Metts E, et al. Modified two step
N-acetylcysteine dosing regimen for the treatment of
acetaminophen overdose a safe alternative. Toxicol
Commun. 2018;2:81-84.
Baumgartner K, Filip A, Liss D, Devgun J, Schwarz
E, Mullins M. N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen
toxicity: the one-bag regimen. Br J Clin Pharmacol.
2021;87(5):2399-2400. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14631
Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Acetaminophen-related
hepatotoxicity. Clin Liver Dis. 2013;17(4):587-607, viii.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2013.07.005
Chiew AL, Reith D, Pomerleau A, et al. Updated guide-
lines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in
Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust. 2020;212(4):175-
183. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50428
Dart RC, Rumack BH. Patient-tailored acetylcysteine
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.01.015
Ghannoum M, Kazim S, Grunbaum AM, Villeneuve
E, Gosselin S. Massive acetaminophen overdose: effect