Index
Module 2 • Research Methods
Research Design, Biostatistics & Literature Evaluation
84%
Core Content
Research Design, Biostatistics & Literature Evaluation
Julie E. Farrar ~3 min read Module 2 of 20
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Research Design, Biostatistics, and Literature Evaluation

effects. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2003;12(7):551-

558. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.883

Moodie EE, Stephens DA. Using directed acyclic graphs

to detect limitations of traditional regression in longitu-

dinal studies. Int J Public Health. 2010;55(6):701-703.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-010-0184-x

Mulla SM, Scott IA, Jackevicius CA, You JJ, Guyatt

GH. How to use a noninferiority trial: users’ guides to

the medical literature. JAMA. 2012;308(24):2605-2611.

https://doi.org/10.1001/2012.jama.11235

Pallmann P, Bedding AW, Choodari-Oskooei B, et al.

Adaptive designs in clinical trials: why use them, and

how to run and report them. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):29.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1017-7

PEPTIC Investigators for the Australian and New

Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group,

Alberta Health Services Critical Care Strategic Clinical

Network, and the Irish Critical Care Trials Group;

Young PJ, Bagshaw SM, Forbes AB, et al. Effect of

stress ulcer prophylaxis with proton pump inhibitors vs

histamine-2 receptor blockers on in-hospital mortality

among ICU patients receiving invasive mechanical ven-

tilation: the PEPTIC randomized clinical trial. JAMA.

2020;323(7):616-626.

https://doi.org/10.1001/

jama.2019.22190

Sevransky JE, Checkley W, Martin GS. Critical care

trial design and interpretation: a primer. Crit Care

Med.

2010;38(9):1882-1889.

https://doi.org/10.1097/

ccm.0b013e3181eae226

Stanley K. Design of randomized controlled tri-

als. Circulation. 2007;115(9):1164-1169. https://doi.

org/10.1161/circulationaha.105.594945

Stanski NL, Wong HR. Prognostic and predictive

enrichment in sepsis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(1):20-

31. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0199-3

Suissa S. Effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: immortal

time bias in observational studies. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med. 2003;168(1):49-53. https://doi.org/10.1164/

rccm.200210-1231oc

Talisa VB, Yende S, Seymour CW, Angus DC. Arguing

for adaptive clinical trials in sepsis. Front Immunol.

2018;9:1502. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01502

Statistical Analysis

Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biosta-

tistics. Part 2. Descriptive statistics. Ann Emerg

Med.

1990;19(3):309-315.

https://doi.org/10.1016/

s0196-0644(05)82052-9

Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics.

Part 3. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and

hypothesis testing. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(5):591-597.

https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82198-5

Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics.

Part 4. Statistical inference techniques in hypothesis

testing. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(7):820-825. https://

doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81712-3

Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics.

Part 5. Statistical inference techniques for hypoth-

esis testing with nonparametric data. Ann Emerg

Med.

1990;19(9):1054-1059.

https://doi.org/10.1016/

s0196-0644(05)82571-5

Gaddis ML, Gaddis GM. Introduction to biostatistics.

Part 1. Basic concepts. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(1):86-

89. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82149-3

Gaddis ML, Gaddis GM. Introduction to biostatis-

tics. Part 6. Correlation and regression. Ann Emerg

Med.

1990;19(12):1462-1468.

https://doi.org/10.1016/

s0196-0644(05)82622-8

Guyatt GH; McMaster University. Users’ Guides to

the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based

Clinical Practice. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Professional;

2015.

HernΓ‘ndez G, Ospina-TascΓ³n GA, Damiani LP, et

al. Effect of a resuscitation strategy targeting periph-

eral perfusion status vs serum lactate levels on 28-day

mortality among patients with septic shock: the

ANDROMEDA-SHOCK randomized clinical trial.

JAMA. 2019;321(7):654-664. https://doi.org/10.1001/

jama.2019.0071

Huang B, Szczesniak R. Can’t see the wood for the trees:

confounders, colliders and causal inferenceβ€”a statisti-

cian’s approach. Thorax. 2019;74(4):323-325. https://doi.

org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212780

Kier KL. Biostatistical applications in epidemiol-

ogy. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31(1):9-22. https://doi.

org/10.1592/phco.31.1.9

Lederer DJ, Bell SC, Branson RD, et al. Control of con-

founding and reporting of results in causal inference

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