Cardiovascular Critical Care I
Phase
Electrolyte movement
Conduction change
Na+ influx into cell
Depolarization
K+ and Cl- out of cell
Repolarization
Ca2+ into cell and K+ out of cell
Plateau
K+ out of cell
Repolarization
Resting Membrane Potential
ECG point
Representation
P
Sinoatrial (SA) node impulse generation/atrial depolarization
PR interval
Duration for conduction to occur from the SA node through the AV
node, bundle of His, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers
QRS
Concurrent atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarization
ST segment
Ventricular refractory period
T
Ventricular repolarization
QT interval
Duration for ventricular repolarization
RR interval
Duration between ventricular depolarizations (represents heart rate)
U
Further ventricular depolarizations not listed or commonly
visualized; may be more prominent in hypothermia, bradycardia, or
severe electrolyte depletions
12 — Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Limb leads
Precordial Leads
I
Anterolateral (Circumflex)
aVR
V1
Anteroseptal (LAD)
V4
Anteroapical (Distal LAD)
II
Inferior (RCA)
aVL
Anterolateral (Circumflex)
V2
Anteroseptal (LAD)
Posterior (RCA)
V5
Anterolateral (Circumflex)
III
Inferior (RCA)
aVF
Inferior (RCA)
V3
Anteroapical (Distal LAD)
Posterior (RCA)
V6
Anterolateral (Circumflex)
adapted from ACLS instructor book
Understand cardiovascular circulation (Figure 3) and pathophysiology contributing to the hemodynamic
variables in isolation and in the context of other changes and conditions.
Understand the roles of hemodynamic tools, limitations of use, and interpretation of the devices/
technology.
Identify appropriate therapeutic targets (Figure 4), and apply the pharmacologic/pharmacodynamic
principles (Table 1) to initiate, modify, or discontinue therapy depending on clinical response.
or Volume Status
Hemodynamic monitoring techniques facilitate diagnosis
assessment alone for HF did not result in differences in overall mortality or hospitalizations. However,
more anticipated adverse events (i.e., infection, bleeding) were seen with pulmonary artery catheter-